Pathlines of pollutant migration in groundwater of the Visakhapatnam urban area,India     

N. Subba Rao  V. V. S. Gurunadha Rao 《水文研究》1999,13(9):1381-1389

The groundwater regime in the north‐western part of the Visakhapatnam urban area was polluted as early as 1981 by discharge of untreated industrial effluent from a Hindustan Polymers Limited (HPL) plant. A total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of surficial effluent up to 6500 mg/l and of groundwater in the range 3000–4200 mg/l has been reported in the environs of the HPL plant during May 1992. Groundwater occurs under water table conditions. The groundwater flow model was simulated as a single layer aquifer, using MODFLOW and FLOWPATH computer models. Aquifer parameters were estimated and the value of effective porosity assumed. The water table configuration was mapped in May 1981 using 33 observation wells. The calibrated hydraulic head distribution was used to compute the velocity field using the effective porosity values. The flow paths of groundwater migration from the source locations up to 2002 AD were predicted. Pathlines of particles in the groundwater indicated a predominant north‐east and south‐west migration of groundwater pollution in the area. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

东北地区县域老年人口高龄化空间分异特征及驱动因素研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

王利  刘万波  赵东霞  韩增林  黄馨慧 《地理科学》2019,39(2):267-276

基于2000年和2010年人口普查数据,运用高龄人口比重等指标和空间自相关等方法,分析东北地区县域老年人口高龄化的空间分异特征,并利用地理探测器方法分析其驱动因素。研究表明：① 10 a间高龄化水平升级的态势明显,高龄化区域呈蔓延式扩散。高龄化在省级行政区间、城乡间、民族自治地区与非民族自治地区间、贫困与非贫困地区间存在显著差异。② 10 a间高龄化的变动趋势差异显著,但长期以来形成的高龄化的总体空间格局较为稳定。③ 县际间高龄化呈现较强的正的空间自相关性,空间聚集特征明显。高龄化的空间格局具有以热点区为中心,逐渐向边缘区过渡的“中心-外围”的空间梯度差异特征。④ 高龄化是老年人口年龄结构继承性和迟滞性的体现,自然环境和社会经济是影响高龄化空间分异的基础性因素,可以引导和制约高龄化空间分异的程度和方向。  相似文献   

区域历史人口空间格局精细化重建:方法与实证   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

薛樵风  金晓斌  韩娟  杨绪红  周寅康 《地理科学》2019,39(12):1857-1865

以清中期（1736~1820年）苏州府为例,探索历史时期人口空间分布的影响机制,构建历史人口空间分布适宜性计算方法,在2个典型时段（1776年、1820年）重建1 km×1 km空间格网下的人口数据集。研究结果表明:① 在数量上,1776年,苏州府人口总量为511.1万,其中城市人口120.1万,农村人口391.0万;1820年,总人口为590.8万,其中城市168.7万,农村422.1万;城市人口增长速率明显快于农村人口。② 空间格局上,1776~1820年,苏州府中部的吴县、长洲、元和等县人口较为集中,东北部昭文、新阳及中南部吴江、震泽等县较为稀疏,但区域间差异渐趋缩小;人口增长主要集中在城镇区域,较高等级城镇人口集聚特征更为显著。③ 通过与当地历史文献及现代人口格局进行相关性和趋势检验,总体特征、分布趋势和变化特点具有一致性。  相似文献   

桂西北喀斯特山区人口分布特征及其与自然因素的关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

史莎娜  谢炳庚  胡宝清  汤传勇  闫妍  李晓青 《地理科学》2019,39(9):1484-1495

选择第六次全国人口普查的最小行政单位——乡（镇）为基本单元,利用Lorenz曲线和空间相关分析方法分析桂西北喀斯特山区乡（镇）级尺度下的人口空间分布特征,运用地理探测器方法探测自然因素单独和叠加作用后对区域人口空间分布的影响强度。结果表明： 乡（镇）级研究尺度下的人口空间分布具有不均衡性特征,呈现一般显著正相关和一定的聚集性; 各自然因素空间分布对人口分布的影响呈现显著差异,研究区西北和中南部没有喀斯特分布的乡镇,人口密度随有利于人类居住因素的增加而增加,但平均人口密度仅79人/km ²。东部和南部有喀斯特分布的乡镇,人口密度与自然因素空间分布并非简单的增减关系,其随喀斯特分布面积的变化呈现起伏波动。 地理探测器的因子探测结果显示对人口空间分布的影响强度最大的为海拔高度,交互探测结果显示,任意两个自然因素叠加交互作用后的影响强度呈现非线性增强和双因子增强。可见,桂西北喀斯特山区与其他地区类似,海拔高度是影响人口空间分布的最主要因素之一,但喀斯特山区的河网密度及特有的地质地貌等因素对其人口的空间分布具有较强的催化作用,与其他因素叠加交互作用可进一步加强对人口分布的影响。  相似文献   

Lateral stability of central Australian longitudinal dunes     

J. A. Bourne  H. Wopfner 《The Australian geographer》2019,50(2):155-167

Some authors consider that linear dunes migrate laterally on a grand scale, much as rivers move across floodplains. Others have concluded that lateral movement is limited in time and space. During the phase of dune initiation, small ribbons of sand formed in the lee of obstacles merge and coalesce to form recognisable linear dunes. Repeat observations demonstrate that mature sand ridges change position laterally a few metres either way within close limits defined by sand spillages on the slip or avalanche slopes that change orientation in response to changing sand-moving wind directions. This essay considers evidence by which to differentiate these two points of view. Supporting evidence for limited migration take the form of dunes resting on plinths of older alluvial substrates, some capped by gibber and that stand higher than adjacent interdune corridors. Such exposures show that the sand ridges have not migrated laterally during the last several tens of thousands of years. Migration is inhibited by clay cores, calcareous (calcrete) horizons, and the development of vegetated flanks. For these reasons, it is proposed that lateral migration be defined as a change of dune plan position that is greater than the maximum extent of sand deposition that develops in response to changes in the direction of sand-moving winds.  相似文献   

A new look at population change and regional development in Aotearoa New Zealand     

Lars Brabyn  Natalie O. Jackson 《New Zealand geographer》2019,75(3):116-129

In New Zealand, population change is interlinked with regional development. Places growing in population attract regional investment, while regional investment—or lack thereof—can change migration patterns. However, to determine the appropriate response to population change for a community, it is important to understand that population change involves much more than “just” migration. Specifically, it involves interactions between the three components of population change: natural change (births minus deaths), net migration (international and internal) and population ageing (changing cohort size). For example, migration can be negative, but growth can be positive due to underlying natural increase or growth in cohort size. Responses need to differ, depending on these drivers. The goal of this article is to provide new insights into these interactions using data for 275 cities, towns and rural centres (hereafter “urban places”) in New Zealand for the period 1976 to 2013. The results show that natural change has been consistently positive for most urban places up to the present, although projections indicate that in the future this component will become negative across much of the country. At the same time, net migration shows considerable spatial variation, not only in terms of volume, but also direction (negative or positive), which differs markedly by age. A net gain of people of retirement age can offset a net loss of young adults to deliver overall growth, and vice‐versa, but the two have very different implications for longer term growth. An analysis of the drivers of net migration using GIS and machine learning techniques provides an indication of the importance of economic conditions (land‐use and access to markets), lifestyle, access to essential services (hospitals and education) and their interaction with age in regional change. The results show that population age is the best predictor of migration. Younger people are moving to cities for tertiary education and work and older people near or in retirement are moving to smaller lifestyle towns but also want to be close to amenities such as hospitals and international airports. The research also shows that natural lifestyle characteristics (landscape and climate), in combination with age are just as important as economic conditions for understanding migration. Regional development, such as infrastructure that helps business (ports and services) is important for the working age population but not necessarily the retirement age group. When regional development, age/life‐cycle stage and lifestyle come together, such as in Queenstown and Tauranga, net migration gain is high.  相似文献   

基于中国主体功能区划的国家与省级点-轴结构解析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

王亚飞  樊杰 《地理研究》2019,38(7):1651-1663

中国主体功能区划作为国土空间开发保护的基础制度,其空间结构是各级各类空间规划遵循的重要约束性指标以及主体功能区精准落地的关键参数。本文将面状功能区纳入点-轴系统结构,探索主体功能区点-轴结构的科学内涵,以中国主体功能区划为研究对象,聚焦国家与省级层面,着重从主体功能区点-轴结构的要素构成、功能区与点-轴结构的空间分异、以及功能区与点-轴结构的相互作用三个方面进行解析。研究结果表明：① 中国主体功能区划这张图本身就蕴含着点-轴系统结构,城市化地区是不同等级极核的集合,极核的等级和空间分布决定了开发轴线;② 点-轴地域开发系统、农业发展和生态安全地区呈现圈层式的结构特征,随着距离轴线越远,城市化类型比重越低、生态安全类型比重越高,点-轴结构受粮食安全与生态安全保障需求的约束;③ 无论是国家和省级层面,联系最紧密的区域连线与开发轴线基本吻合,不同层级等级较高的城市化功能主导区域之间的相互作用决定了主体功能区点-轴的拓扑结构,这在自然约束较弱、人类活动相对强度的区域更为显著。本文的研究成果有助于科学认知主体功能区的科学内涵及有序化的空间组织规律,为国土空间规划及功能区降尺度传导提供关键指标与参数,也将为中国综合地理区划提供重要的参考。  相似文献   

Contemporary Refugee‐Border Dynamics and the Legacies of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference     

Karen Culcasi  Emily Skop  Cynthia Gorman 《Geographical review》2019,109(4):469-486

While the geopolitical legacies of the World War I peace negotiations are widely recognized, this article examines the often overlooked connection between the WWI Paris Peace Conference's spatial and geopolitical logics and contemporary refugee‐border dynamics. We argue that the spatial and geopolitical logics that framed the WWI Paris Peace Conference—the creation of new states, the propagation of the Western ideal of bounded sovereign states, the nationalist goals of self‐determination and homogeneous ethnic nations, and the establishment of a system of international governance—continue to impact refugee‐border dynamics and “crises” today. The categories, ideals, and practices of the international refugee regime that emerged over the last one‐hundred years stem in great part from these logics. In this paper, we urge critical contemplation about how these foundations—including the establishment of the post of High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the resultant Nansen Passports, the post‐WWI minority treaties, and lastly the 1933 Convention Relating to the International Status of Refugees—connect to contemporary human (im)mobility and border violence. We also introduce the articles in this special issue and highlight key themes and future directions for research in critical migration studies.  相似文献   

Iterative seismic inversion   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Stephen J. Norton 《Geophysical Journal International》1988,94(3):457-468

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BOOK REVIEWS     

《The Professional geographer》1984,36(3):376-412

Book Reviewed in this article: Introduction to Climatology for the Tropics . J. O. Ayoade. Conservation and Management of Natural Resources in the United States . Charles F. Bennett. The Keeping of Animals: Adaptation and Social Relations in Livestock Producing Communities . Riva Berleant-Schiller and Eugenia Shanklin, ed. The Evolution of Geographic Thought in America: A Kentucky Root Wilford A. Bladen and Pradyumna P. Karan, eds. Latin America: Geographical Perspectives , 2nd ed. Harold Blakemore and Clifford T. Smith, ed. The Rural Real Estate Market. Department of Geography Publication Series, No. 18 . Chris Bryant. Urban Geomorphology in Drylands . R. U. Cooke, D. Brunsden, J. C. Doornkamp, and D. K. C. Jones with contributions by J. Griffiths, P. Knott, R. Potter, and R. Russell. Italian Geography, 1960–1980. Meeting of the Status of the Geographic Research in Italy, 1960–1980. Treated under the auspices of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and organized by Istituto di Geografia Umana della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Milano , Giacomo Corna Pellecrini and Carlo Brusa, eds. The Changing Fenland . H. C. Darby. The Future for the City Centre . R. L. Davies and A. G. Champion, eds. Saudi Arabia, Energy, Developmental Planning, and Industrialization . Ragaei El Mallakh, Dorothea H. El Mallakh, eds. For We Are Sold, I and My People: Women and Industry in Mexico's Frontier . Maria Patricia Fernández-Kelly. The Great Lakes Forest: An Environmental and Social History . Susan L. Flader, ed. Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution: A Geography of the Yorkshire Woolen Industry . Derek Gregory Crime in City Politics . Anne Heinz, Herbert Jacob and Robert L. Lineberry, eds. Revitalizing Cities . H. Briavel Holcomb and Robert A. Beauregard. Cartographic Relief Presentation . Eduard Imhof. H. J. Steward, Trans. Soviet Union: A Geographical Survey . S. V. Kalesnik and V. F. Pavlenko, ed. Cognition and Environment . Stephen Kaplan and Rachel Kaplan. Environmental Protection: The International Dimension . David A. Kay and Harold K. Jacobsen, eds. Mathematical Programming Methods for Geographers and Planners , James Killen. Gentrification Amid Urban Decline: Strategies for America's Older Cities . Michael H. Lang. The North Atlantic Sulphur System . Risto Laulajainen. The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel, Vol. 2 . Lee I. Levine ed. Jerusalem and Detroit: Recreation Planning and Management . Stanely R. Lieber and Daniel R. Fesenmaier, eds. Heartland and Hinterland: A Geography of Canada . L. D. McCann, ed. Scarborough Where We Live: The Residential Districts of Minneapolis and St. Paul . Judith A. Martin and David A. Lanegran. California: The Geography of Diversity . Crane S. Miller and Richard S. Hyslop. Palo Alto The Dilemma of Amazonian Development . Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder Nuclear Waste: Socioeconomic Dimensions of Long-Term Storage . Steve H. Murdock, F. Larry Leistritz, and Rita R. Hamm, eds. Boulder Communism and the Politics of Inequalities . Daniel N. Nelson, ed. The Los Angeles Metropolis . Howard J. Nelson. Dubuque An Historical Geography of Urban System Development: Tidewater Virginia in the 18th Century . James O'Mara. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre . East Asia: Geographical and Historical Approaches to Foreign Area Studies . Clifton W. Pannell, ed. Dubuque Mackinder: Geography as an Aid to Statecraft . W. H. Parker. Beyond the Urban Fringe: Land Use Issues of Nonmetropolitan America . Rutherford H. Platt and George Macinko, eds. Recreation Geography of the USSR . V. S. Preobrazhensky and V. M. Krivosheyev, eds. Missouri: A Geography . Milton D. Rafferty The Invisible Farmers: Women in Agricultural Production . Carolyn E. Sachs. Cayman Islands Seashore Vegetation: A Study in Comparative Biogeography . Jonathan D. Sauer. Hillslope Materials and Processes . Michael J. Selby. Housing in Britain: The Post-War Experience . John R. Short The Study of Population: Elements, Patterns and Processes . George A. Schnell and Mark Stephen Monmonier. Columbus The Soviet Union: A Systematic Geography . Leslie Symons, ed. The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression . Ehud R. Toledano. The Impact of Recession on Industry, Employment and the Regions, 1976–1981 . Alan R. Townsend. Landslides and Their Control , 2nd ed. Quido Záruba and Vojtech Mencl. Translated from the Czech by H. Zárubová and V. Mencl.  相似文献